In causal inference, a confounder[a] is a variable that affects both the dependent variable and the independent variable, creating a spurious relationship. [1][2][3]

Jun 9, 2021 · Confounding variable: A variable that is not included in an experiment, yet affects the relationship between the two variables in an experiment. This type of variable can …

May 29, 2020 · What is a confounding variable? Confounding variables (a.k.a. confounders or confounding factors) are a type of extraneous variable that are related to a study’s …

Sep 15, 2020 · A confounder affects both the independent and dependent variables. In contrast, a mediator or effect modifier does not affect the independent variable, but does modify the effect …

A confounder is thus a third variable—not the exposure, and not the outcome [2] —that biases the measure of association we calculate for the particular exposure/outcome pair.

CONFOUNDER meaning: 1. something that affects the result of a scientific experiment in a way that makes it less clear…. Learn more.

In this article we will examine definitions and language concerning “confounders” in both formal methodological work and in epidemiologic practice. We will reflect on how such language …

If a variable is a confounder, then it will certainly cause a change in the relationship between the exposure and the outcome. However, not every variable that causes a change in the …

The meaning of CONFOUND is to throw (a person) into confusion or perplexity. How to use confound in a sentence. Synonym Discussion of Confound.

Feb 1, 2008 · Often, one wants to know if a potential confounder is indeed confounding a relationship of interest. If the adjusted effect differs substantially from the crude effect, then …